8/28更新：增加了關(guān)于作文提綱的一點看法

****8/10更新：增加了我對issue和ibt作文的不同理解****

最近改作文比較多，總結(jié)出這篇東西給大家。這并不是模板，不能把單詞往里擱，只是對作文思路的把握。俺的背景：IBT總分115，作文30分。

首先，我們必須明確什么是好的獨立作文。大家都知道GRE作文和IBT作文考點有區(qū)別，后者只要論證清晰了，生動了，語言流暢了，就是好作文。不需要超級長的從句和冷僻的詞匯，因此這也不是本文的討論范圍。

剛好有人問起issue和ibt作文的不同，這里啰嗦兩句：

我理解，issue和ibt的區(qū)別是論證時對于“全面性”的考慮。issue很少有可以帶個人經(jīng)驗/感情色彩的題目，但ibt卻很經(jīng)常。因此，ibt論證時不需要面面俱到，挑幾個你覺得好寫的就行。也就是說，論證時會更從某個特定角度入手，因而相對的例子也生活化一點。

復(fù)習(xí)獨立作文的方法：IBT作為改革性的考試，就是把聽說讀寫混在一起。我改作文的時候說過很多次，再強調(diào)下也不為過：閱讀質(zhì)量和寫作水平是緊密掛鉤的。想要寫出更漂亮的句子，必須多看E文雜志，報紙什么的，不要局限于185范文（不過我覺得適當(dāng)看看GRE范文對句型練習(xí)和邏輯思考有一定好處）。讀多了，好的表達方法才會變成活的跑進你腦袋里。閱讀的時候讀出聲也能幫助你記住漂亮的表達方式。簡言之，寫作不是光敲敲鍵盤就可以提高的，沒有輸入，必定沒有輸出。

------------------------------------下面開始說具體的獨立作文寫作---------------------------------

8/28更新：關(guān)于提綱

很多同學(xué)練習(xí)的時候喜歡先寫個提綱。雖然正式考試時可能沒有時間列提綱，但平時練習(xí)還是可以用用的。

關(guān)于提綱，我想說盡量不要用中文寫提綱。壞處：

1 這相當(dāng)于先用中文思考，再翻譯成英文。

2 中英文思考方式不同，有些中文看了言之鑿鑿變成英文其實啥也沒有。

那么用英文寫提綱的好處：

1 長此以往能夠培養(yǎng)用英語思考的能力。

2 提升寫作速度。寫提綱的時候其實就是分論點了，那么經(jīng)過一段時間練習(xí)，拿到題，確定論點后，直接敲上分論點，然后就展開了。這樣思路也順。

所以最后的目標(biāo)是消滅提綱，或者說把提綱融化到作文里去。

首先是關(guān)于論證思路。常見的作文題目類型：2選1，是否支持某觀點，為什么。2選1的情況下，如果兩者不是絕對對立，可以寫中立觀點，用我個人考試經(jīng)驗來說，中立觀點是可以寫，可以寫的好的，但是不太常見。舉例“不是所有的東西能從書本中學(xué)來。 比較經(jīng)驗知識和書本知識。 哪個更重要。”就可以寫兩個都重要。而是否支持的情況下，就不適合用中立觀點，比如“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family.”不能一段寫提高，一段寫破壞，這樣等于沒有立場。為什么類型的題目（如：你認為游客為什么喜歡去博物館）不存在這個問題。

確定正方/反方/中立之后，開始思考分論點。中立可以用2大段了事，其它的一般3段，其中一段可以讓步，也可以不讓。這里說一下針對2選1類型題目的論證方法。在論證的時候要抓住A和B的區(qū)別來寫。舉例：Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to have one or two close friends than to have a large number of casual acquaintances. 假設(shè)知音=A，點頭之交=B。如果我們贊成A，那么接著討論幾個贊成的理由：可以和A說知心話（這是B做不到的）；如果寫反方，那么和B交往可以看到很多不同人的豐富的生活，處世態(tài)度（A做不到這點）。抓住這個走基本就不會很偏了。

每一段分論點中的每一句話（除了第一句）都應(yīng)該圍繞著這段的分論點展開，如果和分論點是重復(fù)/并列的關(guān)系，就沒有必要了。T的作文不太能用模板，就是因為個人發(fā)揮更重要，如果你看自己作文的時候，覺得這一句話刪掉對于你的論證并沒有妨礙，那么證明這是廢話，需要改進。我們還是來看例子（插播：這一段來自1點50分同學(xué)的一篇作文，稍微改了一下，如有冒犯請多包涵）The first point I would like to emphasize is that playing computer games will give children opportunity to relax after they accomplish their homework. As the saying goes, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy". Children should have enough time to relax. If they study all the time and have not enough leisure time, they will get tired of school work and even frustrated. I cannot imagine what children's life will be like if there is no recreation time for them. The result of children not having enough leisure time is that it will influence the mental health of children. Therefore, playing computer games will not waste a lot of time. On the contrary, they can avoid mental illness and enhance the efficient of students’ study.來看下這段的主題句（紅色）就是游戲幫助孩子放松。那么接下來的句子應(yīng)該圍繞HOW而不是重復(fù)游戲能讓學(xué)生放松。劃線部分的句子就是處于和主題句并列的狀況，或者和主題句無關(guān)，屬于累贅。把累贅去掉了就能看清楚這段的論證為什么看似挺長卻有點言之無物了。具體地說，什么叫做展開論點？也就是用例子了。IBT作文很多情況下是問“你”的看法，因此完全可以用生活中的個人的例子來說明問題，我覺得這些比什么科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)容易編造而且不容易顯得很假。有時候論證遇到瓶頸，實在想不出理由，可以從反面（如果缺失某物會怎樣來思考）。比如：要不要大家都上歷史課？如果寫贊成的觀點，可以想想不上歷史課會有怎樣不好的影響。

作為結(jié)尾段，適當(dāng)?shù)刂貜?fù)一下3個（2個）分論點，以及總的立場就可以了。有些同學(xué)喜歡在這里讓個步什么的，比如全篇寫孩子看電視不好，最后寫上一句雖然孩子看電視也有好處，這樣不好，沒有空間把讓步的觀點寫出來了，如果實在要讓步，可以在第一個分論點那里補上。另外有的同學(xué)復(fù)述立場的時候，寫because of

XXXXX，注意這個XXXXX中不要出現(xiàn)之前沒有出現(xiàn)過的概念。

------------------------------------上面是論證，下面是語言的分割線----------------------------------

首先是語法。這個雖然不是IBT的重點，但是OG說語法錯誤太多會影響rater閱讀，所以還是盡量避免的好。HYACINTH斑竹有個帖子：http://bbs.gter.net/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=958381&highlight= 就是說寫作中的語法的。這里就我看到得比較頻繁的錯誤說一下。

1> 一個動詞原則。雖然很基本，但是句子長了就會不自覺地寫出兩個動詞來。另外對于逗號的使用也要注意，中文里語氣承接可以用逗號，而英文卻是屈服于語法的。

2>連詞（詞組）的使用。這個對于好的應(yīng)試作文很重要，GT都一樣。多看看范文就能基本掌握了。Firstly, to sum up這些比較容易，稍微要注意下的是表示讓步語氣的連詞，比如however, although, still, on the other hand這類。用好連詞能讓文章邏輯清晰。

3>主謂一致。很多同學(xué)有這個問題，經(jīng)常是在定語從句里，或者主語是個較長的詞組，就顧不上動詞了。

4>句子前后平衡。摘自貧民窟主的一篇作文中“They can also be amused by the programs broadcast on TV, talking  about these programs after their watching”逗號前后的跟著動詞can的內(nèi)容要平衡，即都要用原形，前一個是be，后一個不可能是talking，應(yīng)該是talk。另外人稱也容易在長句中前后不一致。摘自yumanta同學(xué)的一篇作文“Before some people plan to go to travel, he or she does not prepare very well”單就主語來看，some people和后面的he/she不平衡，這個也是很常見的問題。

語法問題暫時就想到這些，然后說下大家可能更關(guān)心的如何提升語言吧。

當(dāng)然首先是在語言已經(jīng)比較流暢的基礎(chǔ)上了，除了不斷閱讀學(xué)學(xué)好的表達之外，說兩個捷徑吧，但是不能亂用，掌握好時機是關(guān)鍵。

一是設(shè)問句的使用。如果看看雜志報道，就會發(fā)現(xiàn)句子的種類也是可以很豐富的。雖然IBT作文不太適合很驚悚的感嘆句，用問句恰當(dāng)?shù)靥崃吝€是可以的。我喜歡用在總起段的末尾，有點提神的意思，進一步明確立場。舉例，題目是Distance learning and online computer classes should replace classroom learning. Agree or disagree? 以下是俺兩年前寫的開頭，大家將就下。“

With the advent of computer technology, especially the internet, more and more students choose to take their courses online for a brand-new learning experience. On the other hand, the traditional classroom learning seems to be facing more challenges. Is online education feasible? Yes. And probably good as well. Will classroom learning be displaced? I believe not.”用問句的形式比較抓人眼球。至于在文章其他部分的問句，我很少用，不代表不鼓勵大家用，只要能起到點題的作用，也可以，但是千萬不要每段都來幾個問句，多了就不好了。（題外話，就像眉骨下提亮的眼影，一點點就好了）

二是長短句的交替使用。這個使用范圍是全文，但是也比較難一點。應(yīng)試作文大多是長篇大論，間歇性來個短句好處是打破單調(diào)，讓rater集中精力到你的文章上來。例子俺暫時沒有想出來。。。。。。-___-b

-----------------------------------練習(xí)時的其他注意事項-------------------------------------------

一是要計時。剛開始練得三五篇無所謂，但是要趕快養(yǎng)成這個習(xí)慣。

二是不要中途查字典。不會的詞，強迫自己用別的方式表達出來。寫完再查字典。

三是每次寫完要留一點時間檢查，主要是語法了，但這個是面子工程，不得不注意。

四是還沒想出來。

------------------------------------俺的一篇小作文的分割線--------------------------------------------

最后附上一篇俺的小作文，就是上面提到的那個網(wǎng)絡(luò)教學(xué)的題目，兩年前寫的了，俄。大家隨意看看就好。前面的內(nèi)容比較重要。

With the advent of computer technology, especially the internet, more and more students choose to take their courses online for a brand-new learning experience. On the other hand, the traditional classroom learning seems to be facing more challenges. Is online education feasible? Yes. And probably good as well. Will classroom learning be displaced? I believe not.

To be frank, online education provides fresh learning experience unheard of before. The most distinct benefit comes from a flexible schedule. Students, especially adults with part-time jobs or even full-time jobs, take full advantage of this point. They are now free to choose any program that fits into their daily schedule. Compared with the traditional idea of “going to school”, this is better illustrated as “the school is going to you”. Another obvious advantage is the multi-media learning platform. Computer technology promises vivid short plays, detailed lectures and even games designed for the course, all of which appeal to students a great deal.

However, it is clear to me that online education has certain innate setbacks which render it unable to compete with the traditional classroom learning. Firstly, communication is very limited online. The opponent may argue chat-rooms are great tools. However, face-to-face communication can never be replaced, because it conveys information besides the words that form a sentence, but also intonations and body language. Facial expressions and gestures all facilitate understanding during a conversation. Suppose a student finds part of the lecture baffling, he can directly ask the professor in the classroom and probably they will communicate with the help of notes, pictures, blackboards and their body language. These tools are simply impossible to combine during an online course.

Yet another important downside of online education is that it has the potential of turning students into negative learners, because they do not and cannot participate in classroom activities. Since everyone is learning by his or her own on a computer, chances are slim that they can form real-life study groups, which in a traditional setting do projects and researches together. For example, if a student enrolls in an online drama class, it’s natural to play a part in the drama to gain in-depth perspectives on this topic. However, the student is unable to join the activity online, simply because it is not feasible. Gradually, the drama topic seems to be drifting away from the student because he is not actively involved in the learning process. A traditional classroom setting, on the other hand, provides a lot more opportunities for students to take an active role in the learning process.

To sum up, online education is fascinating in some ways and does offer different learning experience. However, it cannot and should not replace traditional classroom learning, due to the lack of communication and participation. A classroom always remains the best place to learn.